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International Baccalaureate Mathematics

Statistics and Probability

Syllabus Content

Use of Venn diagrams, tree diagrams, sample space diagrams and tables of outcomes to calculate probabilities. Combined events: P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A∩B). Mutually exclusive events: P(A∩B)=0. Conditional probability: P(A|B)=P(A∩B)/P(B). Independent events: P(A∩B)=P(A)P(B)

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Here are some exam-style questions on this statement:

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Here are some Advanced Starters on this statement:

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Furthermore

This Bicen Maths video clip shows everything you need to memorise on probability for A Level Statistics.

This video on Conditional Probability is from Revision Village and is aimed at students taking the IB Maths AA SL/HL level course.

Official Guidance, clarification and syllabus links:

Problems can be solved with the aid of a Venn diagram, tree diagram, sample space diagram or table of outcomes without explicit use of formulae.

Formula Booklet:

Combined events

P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A∩B)

Mutually exclusive events

P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)

Conditional probability

P(A|B)=P(A∩B)/P(B)

Independent events

P(A∩B)=P(A)P(B)

In the study of probability, various visual tools and formulae are employed to simplify and understand complex events. One such tool is the Venn diagram, which visually represents the relationship between different sets. Similarly, tree diagrams depict sequential events, while sample space diagrams and tables of outcomes provide a comprehensive view of all possible outcomes of a random experiment.

When dealing with combined events, the probability of either event A or event B occurring is given by \( P(A \cup B) \). This is calculated as the sum of the probabilities of each event minus the probability of both events occurring simultaneously. On the other hand, if two events are mutually exclusive, meaning they cannot occur at the same time, their intersection probability \( P(A \cap B) \) is zero.

Conditional probability, denoted as \( P(A|B) \), represents the probability of event A occurring given that event B has already occurred. Lastly, if two events are independent, the occurrence of one does not affect the occurrence of the other, and their intersection probability is the product of their individual probabilities.

Here are the key formulae:

$$ P(A \cup B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A \cap B) \\ P(A \cap B) = 0 \quad \text{(For mutually exclusive events)} \\ P(A|B) = \frac{P(A \cap B)}{P(B)} \\ P(A \cap B) = P(A)P(B) \quad \text{(For independent events)} $$

Let's consider an example to illustrate these concepts:

Suppose we have two events: A, which represents drawing a red card from a standard deck of cards, and B, which represents drawing a face card (Jack, Queen, or King). The probability of drawing a red card, \( P(A) \), is \(\frac{26}{52}\) or \(\frac{1}{2}\). The probability of drawing a face card, \( P(B) \), is \(\frac{12}{52}\) or \(\frac{3}{13}\). The probability of drawing a red face card (intersection of A and B), \( P(A \cap B) \), is \(\frac{6}{52}\) or \(\frac{3}{26}\). Using the formula for combined events:

$$ P(A \cup B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A \cap B) \\ P(A \cup B) = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{3}{13} - \frac{3}{26} = \frac{16}{26} \text{ or } \frac{8}{13} $$

Thus, the probability of drawing either a red card or a face card from a standard deck is \(\frac{8}{13}\).

Conditional Probability

Transum,

Saturday, August 17, 2019

"An Advanced Starter that can be investigated by constructing sample spaces (or possibility spaces) is Best Dice.

Best Dice"

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